The results of ¡ÈAdditive (Co, Ni and Zr) Effect on Ag

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    Materials: plate-grain tungsten carbide, silver powder and additives (Co, Ni and Zr)
    Preparation method: chemical coating process, sintering and re-pressing process

    The experimental results: Upon examination, the prepared plate-like WC grain of AgWC12C3 contacts own the characteristics of directional arrangement. The adding of Additives (Co powder, Ni powder and Zr powder) significantly improving the interface bonding strength and wettablity of components among Ag, WC and C, and improve the sintering and mechanical properties of the material. AgWC12C3 contacts (silver-based contact materials) hardness, density and conductivity, etc. are significantly improved Cast Iron Inserts over AgWC12C3 contacts (spherical tungsten carbide) prepared by conventional powder metallurgy method are much better.

    After testing, AgWC12C3 contacts manufactured in" Additive (Co, Ni and Zr) Effect on Ag-WC-C Contacts Experimental Procedure", whose average relative density of 99.6%, average hardness HB=70.6kg / Mm2, average resistivity Ρ=2.84μΩ • cm; If use the grain direction which is parallel to the plate-like WC crystal grains direction as the electrical contacts, its contacts conductivity will be higher, its anti-arc resistance property will be stronger, and it will have a longer life. Whereas the AgWC12C3 contacts prepared by mechanical mixing powder method, whose raw material is  spherical tungsten carbide powder, its relative density is only 95.9-98.9%, Carbide Milling Inserts hardness HB=56.1-60.2kg / Mm2, resistivity Ρ=3.18-3.40μΩ • cm.

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    Tungsten Gold-Plated Ring Properties

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      Tungsten gold-plated ring will never worn, never fade, and never deform. It has diamond-like sheen, but its price is far lower than that of diamond, with great potential for appreciation. Now tungsten gold-plated ring is the most popular jewelry in Europe and the United States.

      Tungsten alloy rings become the focus of fashion, mainly for its three characteristics:

       

      SNMG Cermet InsertsCarbide Aluminum Inserts  1. HardnessTungsten carbide hardness is superior to conventional metals such as gold, silver, and platinum. It is worth mentioning that it’s alloy. Generally speaking, tungsten carbide alloy can only be carved by diamond in special cases. 2. HypoallergenicSome people would have a question when buying gold-plated tungsten alloy jewelry that is it allergic to human? In general, tungsten gold-plated jewelry is very safe. However, some ornaments contain tungsten carbide cobalt, which is sensitive. Tang sidui tungsten jewelry has strict international quality inspection, to ensure that each of the jewelry will contain no cobalt. So you can rest assured to wear it. 3. ColorThe tungsten alloy has different particle size, and colors. The tungsten plated ring had only one kind of gold. Cemented Carbide Inserts Now the gold-plated tungsten alloy ring in China spread from France, the United States and Japan has three even more colors. Colored gold plating, known as tricolor gold, has colors of rose, white, golden, black and blue, etc. Tips: Gold-plated ring should be put separately from diamond jewelry. Tungsten gold-plated ring is a ring of gold plating, so the gold film should be protected to prolong the service life. Therefore, when wearing gold-plated jewelry, it should avoid rubbing the surface, and do not contact the chemicals which has corrosion. 
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      Tungsten Alloy Blanks Preparation Process(a)

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        Qualified tungsten blanks is one of the key timber production, a good system to choose a qualified first blank Tungsten Carbide Inserts. Feature powder (average particle size, particle size distribution, chemical composition), mixing, forming and sintering process on the blank composition, density and microstructure have a direct impact, and strongly influences the processing and performance. Does not sag tungsten added silicon, aluminum, potassium is tungsten trioxide or "Blue W" (for a variety of low-cost tungsten oxide mixture) in the form of oxides added, the mixture containing hydrofluoric acid solution used washed to remove impurities in the powder.

        Production of silk and small blank sheet more in the press forming, may also isostatic press forming. Powder compact size is generally 12 × 12 × 400 mm, there is also a larger-sized round bar, square bar or rectangular bar. First obtaining 1200 ¡î powder compact in a hydrogen atmosphere for 1 hour so as to have prefired certain strength and electrical conductivity, and then perform a power on self resistance sintering. Self-powered resistance sintering commonly known as "vertical melt" is a method developed tungsten processing. The principle is the current directly through the sintered compact, due to the resistance of the blank itself, Joule heat is generated, with this heat the billet sintering, the sintering current is typically 90% of the fusion current. The resulting self-resistance sintered blank strips (also known as a sintered article).

        Processed into a general standard vertical wire melting section shall control the number of grains per square millimeter of about 10,000 to 20,000, a density of 17.8 ~ 18.6 g / cm 3. For pipe, sheet, or other large-sized products, often using isostatic pressing (pressure at 2500 kg / mm 2 or more) formed and sintered at 2300 ~ 2700 ¡î high temperature in a vacuum or hydrogen protection.

        Swaging the blank is produced and the fine tungsten wire rods commonly used plastic working method, different sizes of rods in a hydrogen atmosphere is heated to 1400 ~ 1600 ¡î, be swaged on a Carbide Inserts different model of the swaging machine. Start track deformation of the times is not too large, then be appropriate to increase the amount of deformation. Swaging deformation between the workpiece and the die graphite lubrication process. Tungsten rod density after processing up to 18.8 ~ 19.2 g / cm 3. Because forging billet into a round billet, deformation of each part is different, so the organization is uneven, you should recrystallization annealing.

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        Ammonium Paratungstate Tetrahydrate X

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          X-Ray powder diffraction data and unit cell parameters of industrially produced, as well as bench scale prepared, ammonium paratungstate tetrahydrate are reported and compared with current Powder Data File (1989) patterns. A least-squares refinement resulted in two slightly different unit cells. Both cells are monoclinic with S.G.=P21/n(14), Z=2. The density, 4.639(2)kg/m3, calculated from one of these unit cells corresponds reasonably well with a measured value of 4.61 (2). It has, however, not been possible to determine at present why ammonium paratungstate tetrahydrate has two unit cells. No relation between the crystalline form and the method of preparation nor the exact water content could be established. Powder diffraction is a scientific technique using X-ray, neutron, or electron diffraction on powder or microcrystalline samples for structural characterization of materials. Relative to other methods of analysis, powder diffraction allows for rapid, non-destructive analysis of multi-component Cemented Carbide Inserts mixtures without the need for extensive sample preparation.  This gives laboratories around the world the ability to quickly analyze unknown materials and perform materials characterization in such fields as metallurgy, mineralogy, forensic science, archeology, condensed matter physics, and the biological and pharmaceutical sciences. Identification is performed by comparison of the diffraction pattern to a known standard or to a database such as the International Centre for Diffraction Data's Powder Diffraction File or the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). Advances in hardware and software, particularly improved optics and fast detectors, have dramatically improved the analytical capability of the technique, especially relative to the speed of the analysis. The fundamental physics upon which the technique is Cemented Carbide Inserts based provides high precision and accuracy in the measurement of interplanar spacings, sometimes to fractions of an Ångström, resulting in authoritative identification frequently used in patents, criminal cases and other areas of law enforcement. The ability to analyze multiphase materials also allows analysis of how materials interact in a particular matrix such as a pharmaceutical tablet, a circuit board, a mechanical weld, a geologic core sampling, cement and concrete, or a pigment found in an historic painting. The method has been historically used for the identification and classification of minerals, but it can be used for any materials, even amorphous ones, so long as a suitable reference pattern is known or can be constructed.
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          Cobalt-Tungsten-Nickel-Phosphorus Alloy Electroplating Material

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            With the continuous consumption of petroleum resources, the environment for oil exploitation is getting worse and worse, and the requirements for corrosion resistance and friction resistance of petroleum equipment are getting higher and higher. At present, the phenomenon of eccentric wear and corrosion is serious Carbide Milling Inserts in the field of petroleum machinery. No satisfactory surface treatment technology can be applied to the surface treatment of petroleum machinery, which can simultaneously possess anti-corrosion, wear resistance and low cost.

            SCGT Aluminum Inserts

            The preparation process of cobalt-tungsten-nickel-phosphorus alloy electroplating material is as follows:

            Firstly, 45 grams of sodium citrate and 15 grams of polyphosphoric acid were added into 1000 ml deionized water and stirred to dissolve; then 1 gram of cobalt sulfate (CoSO4·7H2), 120 grams of nickel sulfate (NiSO4·7H2)Cemented Carbide Inserts and 5 grams of phosphorous acid were added into the above-mentioned solution and stirred to dissolve at room temperature; and then the above-mentioned solution was heated to 65 ¡î in a water bath. 10 g sodium tungstate (Na2WO4·2H2O) was added to the solution, stirred to dissolve, then added 2 g saccharin and 0.2 g dimethylhexylene alcohol mixture, adjusted the pH of the solution by sodium hydroxide, then heated the solution to 65 ¡î in a water bath pot, graphite as anode, workpiece as cathode, and electroplated at current density of 8A/dm2. A bright tungsten alloy coating can be obtained.

            Compared with the existing technology, the cobalt-tungsten-nickel-phosphorus alloy plating bath obtained from the plating bath is amorphous, has no micro-cracks on the surface, and has good corrosion and friction resistance. Various chemical reagents are less harmful to the environment, stable in process, simple in composition and easy to operate, and can be stored for a long time after configuration. The plating bath has no acid fog and high current efficiency.


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            Tungsten Alloy Cubes Military Uses

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              With its high density, tungsten alloy is the  Tungsten is non-toxic, and environmentally friendly materia. Tungsten alloy cubes for military defense can easily replace lead in most cases.

              Having more concentrated weight means having more control to achieve the center of mass that you are targeting. Owing to its great hardness and resistance to high temperature, tungsten has been increasingly adopted in military defense increasingly today.

              Advantage of Tungsten Alloy Cubes for Military Defense:

              1, High-density

              2, High absorption capacity against X-rays and gamma rays

              3, Good modulus of elasticity

              4, High hardness

              5,Environment protection standard

              Carbide Inserts 16ER 2.15 Grooving Inserts

               

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              Vacuum Carbon Reduction Method Restoring Tungsten Trioxide

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                Because of Tungsten Carbide Inserts and tungsten carbide powder chemical purity and physical properties has high requirement so producing Tungsten Carbide Inserts and tungsten carbide powder process is very complex and the cost is higher too. But Tungsten Carbide Inserts composition when not strictly required in most cases where there are a lot of impurities so using industrial pure carbon reduction Tungsten Carbide Inserts is an economical and easy way. In a vacuum furnace use carbon reducing tungsten Carbide Inserts trioxide making high purity Tungsten Carbide Inserts and tungsten carbide powder provided by melting and casting. According to current science and technology, using industrial pure carbon or tungsten carbide powder as a casting material is fully meet the requirements. Using carbon restore tungsten trioxide is similar with using hydrogen restore tungsten trioxide. At atmospheric pressure, at a temperature condition of 750 ¡î heating tungsten trioxide so it will mix with carbon black or graphite powder occurring reduction. The reaction chemical equation is: WO3 + 3C=W + 3CO, WO3 + 4C=WC + 3CO. The temperature under 1000 ¡î, mainly using CO participate in a reaction and chemical equation is: WO3 + 3CO=W + 3CO2, CO2 + C=2CO. The main process includes milling mixing, compression molding, dried at 200 ¡î temperature, then vacuum carburizing, and Carbide Aluminum Inserts then filtered through milling.  

                 

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                Tungsten Trioxide Waste Denitration Catalyst Recovers Metal Oxide

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                  Carbide Inserts CCGT Aluminum InsertsCurrently the most widely used SCR denitration catalyst is the V2O5-WO3(MoO3)/TiO2 type monolithic catalyst, which takes titanium dioxide as its carrier, vanadium pentoxide and tungsten trioxide or molybdenum trioxide as the active ingredients. With the flue gas denitrification carrying out intensive, more and more inactivated catalysts come out during their running, which will result in waste of resources and environmental pollution if not dealt with. In addition, with the increasingly stringent environmental laws and regulations, and the increasing scarcity of metal resources, the recovery of waste catalyst will be get more and more attention and favor by the market. Metals in the tungsten trioxide waste denitration catalyst can be recovered in the form of metal oxides, which is showing as bellow:1. Crush the waste flue gas denitration catalyst, and then calcine it at a high temperature of 650 °C to remove Hg, As and the organic impurities which absorbed on the surface;2. Add sodium carbonate to mix and pulverize to obtain a mixed powder, and calcined at the high temperature of 650~700°C to form the agglomerates;3. Put the agglomerates into hot water of 80~90°C after crushed, then get the titanate crude and filtrate by stirring uniformly, soaking, precipitating, filtering;4. Recovering titanium dioxide powder by pickling, filtering, washing with water and baking the titanate crude;5. Add the sulfuric acid into filtrate for adjusting the pH value to 8.0~9.0, and then add the ammonium chloride to get the precipitate, then give a secondary filtrate and ammonium vanadate after filtered;6. Decompose the ammonium vanadate at 800~850°C after washed to prepare a molten vanadium pentoxide, and then get the sheeted products;7. Adjusting Cemented Carbide Inserts the pH of secondary filtrate to4.5~5.0 by adding hydrochloric acid, and then adding calcium chloride to precipitate calcium tungstate and molybdate calcium;8. Filtering and handling the filter cake by hydrochloric acid at the temperature of 40~50°C, and then get the tungstic acid and molybdic acid by acid precipitation, filtration, finally we obtain the tungsten trioxide and molybdenum trioxide by calcining.
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                  Decoloration Mechanism of Double Doped Zinc Tungstate

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                    The modification of zinc tungstate by doping rare earth elements is an effective way to improve its luminescent properties.   XNEX Milling InsertsCemented Carbide Inserts  The single crystal of zinc tungstate is rose red, the color makes the luminous efficiency decrease and the decoloration effect is obvious. After annealing for a long time, the ZnWo4 crystal will disappear gradually, but the annealing of the bulk crystal still has difficulties which can not be overcome. The main problem is that the defect is incomplete and the defects are introduced into the annealing process.  In single doped rare earth crystals, only cerium doped Ce3+ can recede the color of the crystal, both doped cerium Ce3+ and lithium li3+ have obvious decoloration effect on zinc tungstate crystal, especially, the former can obtain colorless crystal by proper doping. The removal mechanism of zinc tungstate may be due to the decomposition of Carbide Turning Inserts CO2 in Li2CO3 crystals, CO2 molecules will be partially retained in the lattice, CO2 molecules and O2 molecules are linear molecules, and the radius of the two has little difference, can replace each other in the hole. Therefore, when the crystal grows, the CO2 molecules fill in the oxygen vacancies to make the crystal clear. Through the mechanism of doped zinc tungstate, it can be seen that the segregation coefficient of Ce3+ and Sm3+ in ZnWo4 crystal increases after double doping, it is beneficial to obtain high content of crystals, thereby changing the short life of fluorescence and the quenching temperature of luminescence is too low. 
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                    Cobalt Interlayed TiN-coated Tungsten Carbide Cutting Tool¡Çs Performance ­¾

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                      In last part, we find that as post-annealing temperature increases, the critical load value continually increased even after post-annealing at 600 °C for 2 h due to heat treatment’s improvement of adhesion property of co interlayer to the tungsten carbide substrate. Here we talk about cutting performance and reliability verification.

                      3.2. Cutting performance and reliability verification

                      In general, the wear of tungsten carbide cutting tool is a result of the load, friction and temperature between the cutting edge and the work piece. When higher cutting temperatures are reached, the cutting tool edge can easily lead to chipping and cracking. Accordingly, the wear mechanism in high-speed machining largely depends on the cutting conditions and the tool properties.

                      Cutting tests against AISI D2 die steel and their reliability tests were studied. In order to evaluate cutting performance of end-mill tool under high-speed cutting condition, four kinds of coating tools, TiN and TiN with Co Deep Hole Drilling Inserts interlayer thickness of 0.027μm, 0.08μm, and 0.15μm were  evaluated. Experiments show that as the cutting times increased, the tool wear increases proportionally. As expected, the wear curve of TiN-coated tool with Co interlayer thickness of 0.027μm slightly increased. The tool life of TiN-coated tool with Co interlayer was improved to 36% compared to the TiN-coated tools. This trend seemed to be due to higher toughness, i.e. a better adhesion between coating layer and substrate.

                      The best TiN-coated tool with Co interlayer thickness of 0.027μm was tested 18 times repeatedly until the flank wear reaches over 300μm using. The mean value and standard deviation of tool wear values are small at the initial stage of cutting but they get larger with the lapse of time. To verify the goodness of fit for tool wear Cemented Carbide Inserts distribution, the normal distribution, log-normal distribution, and the Weibull distribution, with the shape coefficient are between 0.5 and 5, were used in this work. The probability density functions of the normal distribution f1(t), log-normaldistribution f2(t), and Weibull distribution f3(t) can be expressed as follows:

                      SNMX Milling Inserts

                      Using the Minitab software (Minitab, Ver14), which is one of the  general-purpose  statistical  computing  systems, the probability density of each distribution was calculated from the experimental data for each cutting time. All experimental data were within the range of ± 3σ. The experiments were performed under the same conditions and a χ2 test verified that the tool wear distributions for each cutting time represent the distribution where the normal distributions and log-normal distributions are consistent.

                      SNMX Milling Inserts

                      (This article is totally divided into 11 parts and here is part 10, for part 9 please read: https://www.estoolcarbide.com )

                       

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